(b) Polar regions receive less solar energy per unit of surface area. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. In these montane systems, the effects of environmental changes on tree. Our study areas were located in the region higher than 2000 m in Taroko National Park, where forests comprise 89. Ask a question. 6 m/y, a rate comparable to the elevational velocity of vapor pressure deficit of 8. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Whitebark pine and Englemann spruce are present in drier sites on the east side of the park. Acid caused by S*O_{3} combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor B. 3 km 2) followed by kharsu oak (1461. located at its lower elevation margin (18°24′S and 69°30′W) and the other of P. Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. P. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Rank County Peak Elev-Ft Range (Level 5) Prom-Ft Ascents; 47. Its deepest point is 1,450 feet below the rim. 3. tropical forest D. What's this phenomenon ? A. A. Some scientists propose that increased acidity might be the cause this phenomenon? weegy. 10 °C for. C- Glaciers cause erosion through the movement of large chunks of ice, which are deposited and form depressions. l. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with. Proceedings from the conference on the ecology and management of high-elevation forests in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests are an ecoregion in the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Biome, in the Eastern United States. The ecoregion is located in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, including the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians and the Blue Ridge Mountains. MISSOULA – Following 2020’s extreme fire season, high-elevation forests in the central Rocky Mountains now are burning more than at any point in the past 2,000 years, according to a new University of Montana study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In southern Colorado high elevation may start around 10,000 ft (3,000 m) above sea level whereas in coastal British Colombia 3,000 ft (1,000 m) would be considered high elevation. (18°56′S and 69°00′W). chaparralInformation about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is prob-ably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Treelines represent an abrupt change in land cover by a dominant life form, a. With elevations ranging from 7,860 feet to 14,259 feet, Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the highest national parks in the United States. The leaves of this plant, when chewed, provide a stimulant that allows people to walk for long periods at high altitude without getting tired, and it suppresses hunger. User: Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have _____ ecosystems. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. highland C. l. Acid caused by S*O_{3} combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor B. The work focused on forest fires larger than 405 hectares that occurred between 1984 and 2017. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Shaded relief, or terrain shading, is a technique used to give contour maps a 3D. Whats the phenomenon? A. The National Audubon Society reports that deforestation has led to over a fifty percent decline in their population levels over the past forty years. There are several different types of roosts that serve different purposes—day and night roosts provide habitat. com is an AI-enabled chat service that observes all of the online support interactions between your call center representatives and customers. The timberline forests not only play an important role in providing ecosystem services and support regional biodiversity but also serve as an important habitat for a number of high-altitude mammals and birds during winter season. In all sites, fine root nutrient concentrations varied with respect to forests and seasons. The limit set by low temperature at high elevation or high polar latitudes is termed ‘treeline’ (alpine or arctic treeline). located at its lower elevation margin (18°24′S and 69°30′W) and the other of P. Additionally, the northern Pennsylvania Ridge and Valley is relatively cloudy, although not to the degree of the region of the cloudy - day maximum (Reifsneider and Lull, 1965). Search for an answer or ask Weegy. B) Denver. ; Schuler, Thomas M. government officially recognized the name of the mountain as “Mount McKinley” (named. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the. elevation. 2010. and R. If you experience some of the following signs and symptoms of depression nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, you may be living with depression: feeling sad, anxious, or “empty”. “Snowfall in our high-elevation forests is lower now than in past decades, and summers are hotter. A) delta. A large number of families and genera of trees and shrubs are represented in these forests (Table 1. g. Ongoing climate variability strongly affects high-elevation forests, influencing the wood formation process (e. It is the. Glaciers scoured the landscape, grinding the high places and mixing the soil with rocks. It covers an area of about 61,500 square miles (159,000 km 2) in:. A tiger has been caught on camera at an elevation of 3,165 metres in Ilam district of eastern Nepal in the first ever sighting of the big cat at such a high altitude. This major vegetation shift is matched by increasing charcoal input and markers of pastoral/grazing activities (pollen, dung spores and forms of phosphorus) in the sediment. Across western North America, pine forests are important for timber, wildlife habitat, and at high elevations are important for water retention and yield from rain and snowmelt. high-elevation tree species, treeline is an abrupt bound-ary in this area. Suárez‐Espinoza5 1Postgrado en Ciencias Forestales,. View. Elevation + TEI indicated that the predicted occurrence of the northern hardwood forest type was negatively correlated with elevation and TEI when. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. The Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus), a small, commonly hunted game bird, inhabits northern boreal forests. Their native habitat is in high altitude (3,000 to 5,000 feet), moist rain forests where they are epiphytic, meaning they grow either on moss-covered tree branches or in rock crevices filled with decayed leaves and other vegetation, rather than in the ground. Table 1 summarizes biophysical attributes of the three studied valleys. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Clicker. The upper limit of montane forests, the tree line, is often marked by a change to es that. User: which states passed laws outlawing slavery after the war Weegy: Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island passed laws outlawing slavery after the war. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. As a result, onMoreover, this species does not share ecological requirements nor distribution with the species that seems to be the most closely related to it (D. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Douglas-fir is also frequently planted on cutover areas within this zone. Ask a question. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Climate, limiting factors and environmental change in high‐altitude forests of Western North Americxa. Climate will increasingly determine post-fire tree regeneration success in low-elevation forests, Northern Rockies, USA. moist summers and dry winters b. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Blank 2: wet, rain, or moist. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. l. In high elevation forests in the Southern Rocky Mountains, North America, areas that are dominated by a single tree species are often adjacent to areas dominated by another tree species. Rogers is the highest point in Virginia and the center of a high-elevation area reaching from Whitetop Mountain to the west to Grayson Highlands to the east – the northernmost southern Appalachian sky island. (18°56′S and 69°00′W). Similar to our study, Sharma et al. The field of geography relies on many different types of maps in order to study the features of the earth. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. A. The area corresponds to the “Abies amabilis zone” of Franklin and Dyrness (1973), whichA. , 2011) (Fig. 1). Increasing minimum temperatures is one factor attributed to northward range expansion of the mountain pine beetle in Canada. High elevation sites are both good and bad for trees. HOOD,2 BANNING J. By subtracting the elevation difference between two points you can estimate the relief or elevation change. Ozone depletion . Particularly note the patterns of forestland ownership, area of forests,. They have shorter growing seasons because the frost-free period is shorter. Since acquiring this property, The Nature Conservancy has developed a forestry management plan to improve the ecological conditions of the land to help. Why are business owners most likely viewing a topography map before construction?, Winston studies a topography map that shows camping and hiking areas. Check out this 0. grassland B. s. 9 m/y. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Table 1 summarizes biophysical attributes of the three studied valleys. Weegy. A. com is an AI-enabled chat service that observes all of the online support interactions between your call center representatives and customers. D. The impact of climate variability on forests New York:. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Ozone depletion . While mountain pine beetle is a native species and has historically had periodic outbreaks, the recent epidemics in high-elevation western forests are considered unprecedented in duration and magnitude over the past 200 years. Because these areas are determined by natural terrain, ecology, and conservation priorities, many ecoregions do not adhere to state boundaries, and the High Allegheny Plateau. 10 MgCha − 1 from mid-to high-elevation forests in the Garhwal Himalaya; Shaheen et al. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. Forest Service, 240 W. Get an answer. Some scientists propose that increased acidity might be. Major landscape in study areas. In high-elevation. The park is named for Blue Knob, the second highest mountain in Pennsylvania at 3,146 feet (959 m). Plots. These are high-altitude valleys in the Himalaya, characterized by upper temperate and subalpine climatic conditions. Treelines around the world vary in elevation but are all characterized by having a similar mean July temperature of about 13 deg C (55. 2023; Attempts at identifying climate warming effects on. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Explanation: The phenomenon that causes a serious decline in certain tree species in high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania is acid rain. We seek to understand the ecological function of the high. In the coastal fog belt, Douglas-fir is rare and Sitka spruce becomes abundant. High altitude tree growth is predominantly limited by low temperature, and thus more responsive to climate warming. At the highest elevations of the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia, generally above 1,000 m, relict patches of boreal forests remain from cooler, periglacial times (Lesser 1993). elevation. g. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Vospernik and Nothdurft, 2018) or at high elevation sites (Li et al. s. 3. , 1998). The tr 107 ees at high elevations of MTP are almost all conifers, mainly Abies 108Studies have shown that many lower-elevation forests on the West Coast of the United States were experiencing a “deficit” in fire activity compared with historical patterns, partly because of. A. elevation regions B. grassland B. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Length 0. Weegy: When a poet wishes to use figurative language, he or she will use words that are both connotative and denotative. At high altitude the air composition is characterized by low contents of fine particles (dust, etc. subalpine. User: which states passed laws outlawing slavery after the war Weegy: Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island passed laws outlawing slavery after the war. At the highest elevations of the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia, generally above 1,000 m, relict patches of boreal forests remain from cooler, periglacial times. 1990). elevation regions B. In this case, the contour interval is 10 meters. large herds of herbivorous mammals e. Here, we assessed soil properties beneath adjacent stands of trembling aspen, lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce, which are dominant tree. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. , xylogenesis). In high-elevation. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with. highland C. climate regions D. Rocky Mountain’s sixty mountain peaks over 12,000 feet high provide world attention-grabbing scenery. The buffer zone area of the NDBR is characterized by a unique combination of diverse forest communities, represented by mixed temperate and tropical forests which occupy the lower altitudes, and Birch (Betula utilis) and Silver fir (Abies pindrow) forests dominating the sub-alpine areas. , eds. Forests consisting of two of the most widespread HEFNPs, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis),. Weegy: In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. In high-elevation forests in. highland C. Following 2020's extreme fire season, high-elevation forests in the central Rocky Mountains now are burning more than at any point in the past 2,000 years, according to a new. This community occurs around heath woodlands and fens in high-elevation valleys in the White Mountains and the North Country. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. lower than the actual altitude above sea level. D- Erosion occurs through deflation, and sand that. rugulosa at 3777 m a. Proceedings from the conference on the ecology and management of high-elevation forests in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. Based on above finding, it is concluded that overall magnitude of anthropogenic pressure was significant in the area. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Winston is. Rhode Island. To date high elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada have not suffered the catastrophic. chaparralPennsylvania boreal conifer forests and their bird communities: past, present, and potential. tropical forest D. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. It was used by travelers in the highlands, but was also used in ritual practices to endure long nights of dancing. Proceedings from the Conference on the Ecology and Management of High-Elevation ForestsIn high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. 2009 May 14-15; Slatyfork,. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. s. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. com is the easiest and fastest way to get answers to your questions, by providing a mashup of several technologies including an AI-enabled Q&A knowledgebase and integrated chat with live experts. As climate warms, bark beetles march on high-elevation forests. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. The distribution of trees reaches a natural limit somewhere along thermal, drought, or disturbance gradients. (18°56′S and 69°00′W). For example, outbreak populations of southern pine beetle are now persistent in New Jersey (21), and mountain pine beetle outbreaks in high elevation forests are continuing at paces not seen over the past century (22). Snagfall the first decade after severe bark beetle infestation of high-elevation forests in Colorado, USA CHARLES C. 10 (1): e02568. Within its extensive range, two varieties of the species currently are. The northern hardwood forest occupies the northern third of the state and extends south at high elevations along the Allegheny Front. In previous studies of tropical endophytes, Leotiomycetes have been considered rare 25,31, yet we detected them relatively frequently in the oak-dominated, high-elevation forests that share major. l. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. D) Georgia. A high-elevation balsam fir forest community typically occurs between about 3,500 to 4,500 feet, and locally higher or lower depending on site conditions such as topography and degree of exposure. Within the subalpine zone, high-altitude fir occupies the maximum area (1719. Rep. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. The study observes changes in upslope advance in high-elevation forest fires, how climate aridity—and our warming planet—is correlated with these fires, and how biodiversity loss and vegetation conversion factor into these changing conditions. Increasing minimum temperatures is one factor attributed to northward range expansion of the mountain pine beetle in Canada. What's this phenomenon? O A. May was the warmest month (9. Ozone depletion . This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Some scientists propose that increased acidity might be the cause this phenomenon? weegyanswered • expert verified. It lies within the boundaries of Forbes State Forest; an observation tower. High-elevation forests only burn. However, how climate, biodiversity, and structural attributes co-determine spatiotemporal variation in forest biomass remains. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. The elevation at which one habitat changes to another varies across the globe, particularly by latitude. Methods Archive maps, satellite and on-ground data. Expert Answered. Field inventory. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. In the coastal fog belt, Douglas-fir is rare and Sitka spruce becomes abundant. The valleys are dominated by upper temperate and subalpine forests mainly composed of conifers like Larix species, Abies spectabilis, and some broadleaf. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Acid caused by S*O_{3} combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor B. Forbes (1943) The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania. C. Ecosphere. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. (Pittsburgh) — Pennsylvania forests are facing looming threats that could catastrophically change the state’s landscape. extensive stands of trees c. N concentration in fine roots was highest followed by K and P. state of Alaska. As such, more than 31,000 square miles of high-elevation forests — or roughly 11 percent of forest cover in the western U. Soils are wetter than in the other two high-elevation forest communities and the vegetation of the community resembles that of lowland spruce - fir forest. Vermont. grassland B. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. Using linear mixed-effects models, empirical cumulative distribution functions, and spatial analysis,. The forests are open and have a low density of trees (50-100 trees/ha) with a sparse her-baceous understory. What's this phenomenon ? A. Journal of Biogeography. High elevation forests are especially susceptible to disturbance and because of the short growing season, take longer to recover than forests at lower elevations (Zhao et al. Yet they experienced the highest rate of increase in fire activity in the. They must withstand harsh growing conditions, including cold temperatures, severe winds, and a short growing season. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Forest: Forest County High Point: 1954: Northern Allegheny Plateau: 134: 14: 42. The increase of altitude is accompanied by decrease of atmospheric pressure and air density. 2. Acid rain is caused by the combination of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from combustion and. soils with high mineral content d. Connotative Weegy: Connotative definitions are. The Cameron Peak Fire in Colorado in 2020 was the state’s largest fire in its history, burning over 208,000 acres (84,200 hectares) and is a prime example of a high-elevation forest fire. Some of the most common types are political, physical, topographic, climate, economic, and thematic maps. Southwestern US mountain ecosystems contain a variety of vegetation communities organized along an. ocean circulation patterns. Forest: Forest County High Point: 1954: Northern Allegheny Plateau: 134: 14: 42. Book County High Points by Andy Martin; list compiled 1993 by Andy Martin, reviewed by Michael Schwartz. 2013) may be driven more by climate than fire suppression, the increased fuels at high elevation may connect previously discontinuous forest stands and allow fires to carry farther upslope. Worlds End State Park is a 780-acre (316 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. Researchers from UM and the University of. l to 3200 m a. Proceedings from the conference on the ecology and management of high-elevation forests in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Most high-elevation forests haven’t been subjected to much fire suppression, logging or other human activities, and because trees at these high elevations are in wetter forests, they historically have long return intervals between fires, typically a century or more. Desai,7 Jose Negron6 and Russell K. highland C. Due to the climate that comes with their elevation, the highest areas of Southern Appalachia are home to plant. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. This process is. climate regions D. A re‐assessment of the high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Following 2020's extreme fire season, high-elevation forests in the central Rocky Mountains now are burning more than at any point in the past 2,000 years, according to a new. Proceedings from the Conference on the Ecology and Management of High-Elevation Forests in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains GTR-NRS-P-64 95 (Fenneman 1938). [ The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. A. Ask a question. The highest point in Pennsylvania is Mount Davis, at 3,213 feet (979 meters) above sea level. Pennsylvania County High Points. Virginians for Wilderness Web Site. The valleys are dominated by upper temperate and subalpine forests mainly composed of conifers like Larix species, Abies spectabilis, and some broadleaf. We found that the amount of burning in subalpine forests of the Northern Rockies over the 20th and 21st. chaparralA. One hypothesis for the lack of coherent responses in growth and resource use efficiency in high-altitude ecosystems is that regional CO 2 and warming effects are secondary to local hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological factors (17, 20–23). )- and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)-dominated forests, found primarily on glaciated parts of the Allegheny Plateau, are relicts of boreal forest that covered the region following glacial retreat. Not every high‐latitude or high‐elevation forest edge is a treeline. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. The phenomenon is: Acid rain, which is caused by SO2 from combustion mixed with atmospheric water vapor. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. chaparral Weegy: Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have chaparral ecosystems. A. gov website. This two-mile round trip explores the grassy, sun-drenched summit southeast of the pinnacle, climbing through a mossy, gnarled forest to a high-elevation grassland. 50 °C ± 0. Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have _____ ecosystems. Print/PDF map. 2009; Groeneveld et al. Altitude is a primary factor, which gives a possibility of finding common features in the diversity of highlands. 8. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. 30 to 137. fir-hemlock, these high-elevation forests contain substantial amounts of Douglas-fir, both as stands and as scattered trees or groups intermingled with other species. The elevation at which one habitat changes to another varies across the globe, particularly by latitude. Current initiatives to study forests over continental or global scales still have important geographical gaps, particularly in regions such as the tropical and subtropical Andes. 3. In high elevation forest in Pennsylvania ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. rugulosa at 3777 m a. 2010. Location: North Central Pennsylvania in Tiadaghton State Forest near the settlement of Slate Run. Changes in the microenvironment induced by forest gaps may affect litter decomposition, yet it is unclear how the gap effects respond to altitudinal and seasonal differences. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. The 59,000-acre forest district, much of which is along the ridges of the Laurel Highlands, includes the highest point in Pennsylvania: 3,213-foot Mt. In high-elevation forests in. Location: North Central Pennsylvania in Tiadaghton State Forest near the settlement of Slate Run. Most Pennsylvania forests are now in age classes between 60 and 120 years, with the largest 10-year classes in the 81- to 100-year range (Jenkins et al. Weegy. In high-elevation. Whispering Secrets. In high-elevation forests in Pennsylvania, ecologists have noticed a serious decline in certain tree species. Turkey Path Trail is another smaller day hike trail, and it’s located in Leonard Harrison State Park near Wellsboro, PA. 008) of elevation was observed on the forest structural variables, biomass and carbon stock. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. This community occurs around heath woodlands and fens in high-elevation valleys in the White Mountains and the North Country. In 1994–1995, metal stress in red spruce foliage evidenced by phytochelatin concentrations increased with red spruce damage index in spruce-fir dominated stands in high elevation forests. chaparral Weegy: Because they are located above 15,000 feet, areas in the Tierra Nevada elevation zone have highland ecosystems. , Alexander 1974; Dye & Moir 1977; Layser & Schubert 1979; Moir & Ludwig 1979). Ozone depletion . Weegy: Dramatic irony is when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters. This phenomenon is: Decreased in pH caused by climate change. Proceedings from the conference on the ecology and management of high-elevation forests in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. Black Forest Trail Quick Facts. Some scientists propose that increased soil acidity might be the cause. ] Score . Those forests, which made up about 22% of the forest area they studied, tended to be located above 3,280 feet. Villanueva‐Díaz4, A. l. The most significant variables explaining T were the elevation (Δ= -0. The forests of the Pacific Northwest are just one of the many different ______________ in the United States where many people work in the same industry. long-term atmospheric circulation. Total N concentration in the forest floor of red spruce forests is correlated with wet N deposition at both low and high elevations in the Northeast (McNulty et al. 8 miElevation gain 118 ftRoute type Loop. political regions C.